Manga (漫画 , [maŋga] [a]) are comics or graphic novels originating from Japan. Most manga conform to a style developed in Japan in the late 19th ctury,
The term manga is used in Japan to refer to both comics and cartooning. Outside of Japan, the word is typically used to refer to comics originally published in the country.
In Japan, people of all ages and walks of life read manga. The medium includes works in a broad range of gres: action, advture, business and commerce, comedy, detective, drama, historical, horror, mystery, romance, scice fiction and fantasy, erotica (htai and ecchi), sports and games, and suspse, among others.
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With annual sales of 1.9 billion manga books and manga magazines (also known as manga anthologies) in Japan (equivalt to 15 issues per person).
In 2020 Japan's manga market value hit a new record of ¥612.6 billion due to the fast growth of digital manga sales as well as increase of print sales.
The fast growth of the North American manga market is attributed to manga's wide availability on digital reading apps, book retailer chains such as Barnes & Noble and online retailers such as Amazon as well as the increased streaming of anime.
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—although some full-color manga exist (e.g., Colorful). In Japan, manga are usually serialized in large manga magazines, oft containing many stories, each prested in a single episode to be continued in the next issue. A single manga story is almost always longer than a single issue from a Western comic.
A manga artist (mangaka in Japanese) typically works with a few assistants in a small studio and is associated with a creative editor from a commercial publishing company.
Manga-influced comics, among original works, exist in other parts of the world, particularly in those places that speak Chinese (manhua), Korean (manhwa), glish (OEL manga), and Frch (manfra), as well as in the nation of Algeria (DZ-manga).
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(katakana: マンガ ; hiragana: まんが ), composed of the two kanji 漫 (man) meaning whimsical or impromptu and 画 (ga) meaning pictures.
And in the early 19th ctury with such works as Aikawa Minwa's Manga hyakujo (1814) and the celebrated Hokusai Manga books (1814–1834)
In Japanese, manga refers to all kinds of cartooning, comics, and animation. Among glish speakers, manga has the stricter meaning of Japanese comics, in parallel to the usage of anime in and outside Japan. The term ani-manga is used to describe comics produced from animation cels.
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Manga originated from emakimono (scrolls), Chōjū-jinbutsu-giga, dating back to the 12th ctury. During the Edo period (1603–1867), a book of drawings titled Toba Ehon further developed what would later be called manga.
Adam L. Kern has suggested that kibyoshi, picture books from the late 18th ctury, may have be the world's first comic books. These graphical narratives share with modern manga humorous, satirical, and romantic themes.
However Eastern comics are gerally held separate from the evolution of Western comics and Western comic art probably originated in 17th Italy,
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Writers on manga history have described two broad and complemtary processes shaping modern manga. One view represted by other writers such as Frederik L. Schodt, Kinko Ito, and Adam L. Kern, stress continuity of Japanese cultural and aesthetic traditions, including pre-war, Meiji, and pre-Meiji culture and art.
The other view, emphasizes evts occurring during and after the Allied occupation of Japan (1945–1952), and stresses U.S. cultural influces, including U.S. comics (brought to Japan by the GIs) and images and themes from U.S. television, film, and cartoons (especially Disney).
Involving manga artists such as Osamu Tezuka (Astro Boy) and Machiko Hasegawa (Sazae-san). Astro Boy quickly became (and remains) immsely popular in Japan and elsewhere,
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Tezuka and Hasegawa both made stylistic innovations. In Tezuka's cinematographic technique, the panels are like a motion picture that reveals details of action bordering on slow motion as well as rapid zooms from distance to close-up shots. This kind of visual dynamism was widely adopted by later manga artists.
Betwe 1950 and 1969, an increasingly large readership for manga emerged in Japan with the solidification of its two main marketing gres, shōn manga aimed at boys and shōjo manga aimed at girls.
In 1969 a group of female manga artists (later called the Year 24 Group, also known as Magnifict 24s) made their shōjo manga debut (year 24 comes from the Japanese name for the year 1949, the birth-year of many of these artists).
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With the superheroines, shōjo manga saw releases such as Pink Hanamori's Mermaid Melody Pichi Pichi Pitch, Reiko Yoshida's Tokyo Mew Mew, and Naoko Takeuchi's Pretty Soldier Sailor Moon, which became internationally popular in both manga and anime formats.
Groups (or stais) of girls working together have also be popular within this gre. Like Lucia, Hanon, and Rina singing together, and Sailor Moon, Sailor Mercury, Sailor Mars, Sailor Jupiter, and Sailor Vus working together.
Manga for male readers sub-divides according to the age of its intded readership: boys up to 18 years old (shōn manga) and young m 18 to 30 years old (sein manga);
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The Japanese use differt kanji for two closely allied meanings of sein—青年 for youth, young man and 成年 for adult, majority—the second referring to pornographic manga aimed at grown m and also called seijin (adult 成人 ) manga.
Boys and young m became some of the earliest readers of manga after World War II. From the 1950s on, shōn manga focused on topics thought to interest the archetypal boy, including subjects like robots, space-travel, and heroic action-advture.
Popular themes include scice fiction, technology, sports, and supernatural settings. Manga with solitary costumed superheroes like Superman, Batman, and Spider-Man gerally did not become as popular.
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The role of girls and wom in manga produced for male readers has evolved considerably over time to include those featuring single pretty girls (bishōjo)
Such as Belldandy from Oh My Goddess!, stories where such girls and wom surround the hero, as in Negima and Hanaukyo Maid Team, or groups of heavily armed female warriors (stō bishōjo)
With the relaxation of csorship in Japan in the 1990s, an assortmt of explicit sexual material appeared in manga intded for male readers, and correspondingly continued into the glish translations.
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The gekiga style of storytelling—thematically somber, adult-orited, and sometimes deeply violt—focuses on the day-in, day-out grim realities of life, oft drawn in a gritty and unvarnished fashion.
Gekiga such as Sampei Shirato's 1959–1962 Chronicles of a Ninja's Military Accomplishmts (Ninja Bugeichō) arose in the late 1950s and 1960s partly from left-wing studt and working-class political activism,
In 2006 sales of manga books made up for about 27% of total book-sales, and sale of manga magazines, for 20% of total magazine-sales.
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In particular, books and magazines sold to boys (shōn) and girls (shōjo) have distinctive cover-art, and most bookstores place them on differt shelves. Due to cross-readership, consumer response is not limited by demographics. For example, male readers may subscribe to a series intded for female readers, and so on. Japan has manga cafés, or manga kissa (kissa is an abbreviation of kissat). At a manga kissa, people drink coffee, read manga and sometimes stay overnight.
Manga magazines or anthologies (漫画雑誌 , manga zasshi ) usually have many series running concurrtly with approximately 20–40 pages allocated to each series per issue. Other magazines such as the anime fandom magazine Newtype featured single chapters within their monthly periodicals. Other magazines like Nakayoshi feature many stories writt by many differt artists; these magazines, or anthology magazines, as they are also known (colloquially phone books), are usually printed on low-quality newsprint and can be anywhere from 200 to more than 850 pages thick. Manga magazines also contain one-shot comics and various four-panel yonkoma (equivalt to comic strips). Manga series can run for many years if they are successful. Popular shon magazines include Weekly Shōn Jump, Weekly Shōn Magazine and Weekly Shōn Sunday - Popular shoujo manga include Ciao, Nakayoshi and Ribon. Manga artists sometimes start out with a few one-shot manga projects just to try to get their name out. If these are successful and receive good reviews, they are continued. Magazines oft have a short life.
After a series has run for a while, publishers oft collect the chapters and print them in dedicated book-sized volumes, called tankōbon. These can be hardcover, or more usually softcover books, and are the equivalt of U.S. trade paperbacks or graphic novels. These volumes oft use higher-quality paper, and are useful to those who want to catch up with a series so they can follow it in the magazines or if they find the cost of the weeklies or monthlies to be prohibitive. Deluxe versions have also be printed as readers have gott older and the need for something special grew. Old manga have also be reprinted using somewhat lesser quality paper and sold for 100 y (about $1 U.S. dollar) each to compete with the used book market.
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Kanagaki Robun and Kawanabe Kyōsai created the first manga magazine in 1874: Eshinbun Nipponchi. The magazine was heavily influced by Japan Punch, founded in 1862 by Charles Wirgman, a British cartoonist. Eshinbun Nipponchi had a very simple style of drawings and did not become popular with many people. Eshinbun Nipponchi ded after three issues. The magazine Kisho
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