Coffee is a beverage prepared from roasted coffee beans. Darkly colored, bitter, and slightly acidic, coffee has a stimulating effect on humans, primarily due to its caffeine contt. It has the highest sales in the world market for hot drinks.
The seeds of the Coffea plant's fruits are separated to produce unroasted gre coffee beans. The beans are roasted and th ground into fine particles that are typically steeped in hot water before being filtered out, producing a cup of coffee. It is usually served hot, although chilled or iced coffee is common. Coffee can be prepared and prested in a variety of ways (e.g., espresso, Frch press, caffè latte, or already-brewed canned coffee). Sugar, sugar substitutes, milk, and cream are oft added to mask the bitter taste or hance the flavor.
Though coffee is now a global commodity, it has a long history tied closely to food traditions around the Red Sea. Ev though the origin of coffee drinking is obscure,
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There is credible evidce of coffee drinking in the form of the modern beverage and it appears in modern-day Yem from the mid-15th ctury in Sufi shrines, where coffee seeds were probably first roasted and brewed in a manner similar to currt methods. The Yemis procured the coffee beans from the Ethiopian Highlands and began cultivation. By the 16th ctury, the drink had reached the rest of the Middle East and North Africa, later spreading to Europe. In the 20th ctury, coffee became a global commodity, creating differt coffee cultures around the world.
Coffee plants are cultivated in over 70 countries, primarily in the equatorial regions of the Americas, Southeast Asia, the Indian subcontint, and Africa. As of 2018
, Brazil was the leading grower of coffee beans, producing 35% of the world's total. Gre, unroasted coffee is traded as an agricultural commodity. Despite sales of coffee reaching billions of dollars worldwide, farmers producing coffee beans disproportionately live in poverty. Critics of the coffee industry have also pointed to its negative impact on the vironmt and the clearing of land for coffee-growing and water use.
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The word coffee tered the glish language in 1582 via the Dutch koffie, borrowed from the Ottoman Turkish kahve (قهوه ), borrowed in turn from the Arabic qahwah (قَهْوَة ).
Medieval Arab lexicographers traditionally held that the etymology of qahwah meant 'wine', giv its distinctly dark color, and derived from the verb qahiya (قَهِيَ ), 'to have no appetite'.
The word qahwah most likely meant 'the dark one', referring to the brew or the bean; qahwah is not the name of the bean, which are known in Arabic as bunn and in Cushitic languages as būn. Semitic languages had the root qhh, 'dark color', which became a natural designation for the beverage. Its cognates include the Hebrew qehe(h) ('dulling') and the Aramaic qahey ('give acrid taste to').
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Although Arab etymologists have connected it with a word meaning wine; but it is perhaps rather from the Kaffa region of Ethiopia.
There are multiple anecdotal origin stories which lack evidce. In a commonly repeated legd, Kaldi, a 9th-ctury Ethiopian goatherd, first observed the coffee plant after seeing his flock ergized by chewing on the plant.
This legd does not appear before 1671, first being related by Antoine Faustus Nairon, a Maronite professor of Orital languages and author of one of the first printed treatises devoted to coffee, De Saluberrima potione Cahue seu Cafe nuncupata Discurscus (Rome, 1671), indicating the story is likely apocryphal.
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Another legd attributes the discovery of coffee to a Sheikh Omar. Omar, starving after being exiled from Mokha, found berries. After attempting to chew and roast them, Omar boiled them, which yielded a liquid that revitalized and sustained him.
There is credible evidce of coffee drinking or knowledge of the coffee tree and it appears in the middle of the 15th ctury in the accounts of Ahmed al-Ghaffar in Yem.
It was probably in Yem where coffee seeds were first roasted and brewed in a similar way to how it is prepared now. Coffee was used by Sufi circles to stay awake for their religious rituals.
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Accounts differ on the origin of the coffee plant prior to its appearance in Yem. From Ethiopia, coffee could have be introduced to Yem via trade across the Red Sea.
According to al Shardi, Ali b Omar may have countered coffee during his stay with the Adal king Sadadin's companions in 1401.
Famous 16th-ctury Islamic scholar Ibn Hajar al-Haytami notes in his writings a beverage called qahwa developed from a tree in the Zeila region located in the Horn of Africa.
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Coffee was first exported from Ethiopia to Yem by Somali merchants from Berbera and Zeila in modern-day Somaliland, which was procured from Harar and the Abyssinian interior. According to Captain Haines, who was the colonial administrator of Ad (1839–1854), Mocha historically imported up to two-thirds of their coffee from Berbera-based merchants before the coffee trade of Mocha was captured by British-controlled Ad in the 19th ctury. Thereafter, much of the Ethiopian coffee was exported to Ad via Berbera.
The first coffee seeds were smuggled out of the Middle East by Sufi Baba Budan from Yem to India during the time. Before th, all exported coffee was boiled or otherwise sterilized. Portraits of Baba Budan depict him as having smuggled sev coffee seeds by strapping them to his chest. The first plants grown from these smuggled seeds were planted in Mysore.
In 1583, Leonhard Rauwolf, a German physician, gave this description of coffee after returning from a t-year trip to the Near East:
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A beverage as black as ink, useful against numerous illnesses, particularly those of the stomach. Its consumers take it in the morning, quite frankly, in a porcelain cup that is passed around and from which each one drinks a cupful. It is composed of water and the fruit from a bush called bunnu.— Léonard Rauwolf, Reise in die Morgländer (in German)
The thriving trade betwe Vice and North Africa, Egypt, and the Middle East (back th Ottoman Empire) brought many goods, including coffee, to the Vetian port. From Vice, it was introduced to the rest of Europe. Coffee became more widely accepted after it was deemed a Christian beverage by Pope Clemt VIII in 1600, despite appeals to ban the Muslim drink. The first European coffee house oped in Vina in 1647.
Through the efforts of the British East India Company, coffee became popular in gland as well. In a diary try of May 1637, John Evelyn recorded tasting the drink at Oxford in gland, where it had be brought by a studt of Balliol College from Crete named Nathaniel Conopios of Crete.
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Oxford's Que's Lane Coffee House, established in 1654, is still in existce today. Coffee was introduced in France in 1657, and in Austria and Poland after the 1683 Battle of Vina, wh coffee was captured from supplies of the defeated Turks.
Wh coffee reached North America during the Colonial period, it was initially not as successful as it had be in Europe, as alcoholic beverages remained more popular. During the Revolutionary War, the demand for coffee increased so much that dealers had to hoard their scarce supplies and raise prices dramatically; this was also due to the reduced availability of tea from British merchants,
During the 18th ctury, coffee consumption declined in Britain, giving way to tea drinking. The latter beverage was simpler to make and had become cheaper with the British conquest of India and the tea industry there.
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During the Age of Sail, seam aboard ships of the British Royal Navy made substitute coffee by dissolving burnt bread in hot water.
From which much of the world's cultivated arabica coffee is descded. Coffee thrived in the climate and was conveyed across the Americas.
The conditions that the slaves worked in on coffee plantations were a factor in the soon to follow Haitian Revolution. The coffee industry never fully recovered there.
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After this time, massive tracts of rainforest were cleared for coffee plantations, first in the vicinity of Rio de Janeiro and later São Paulo.
Brazil wt from having esstially no coffee exports in 1800 to being a significant regional producer in 1830, to being the largest producer in the world by 1852. In 1910–1920, Brazil exported around 70% of the world's coffee, Colombia, Guatemala, and Vezuela exported half of the remaining 30%, and Old World production accounted for less than 5% of world exports.
Cultivation was tak up by many countries in Ctral America in the latter half of the 19th ctury, and almost all involved the large-scale displacemt and exploitation of the indigous people. Harsh conditions led to many uprisings, coups, and bloody suppression of peasants.
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The notable exception was Costa Rica, where lack of ready labor prevted the formation of large farms. Smaller farms and more egalitarian conditions ameliorated unrest over the 19th and 20th cturies.
Rapid growth in coffee production in South America during the second half of the 19th ctury was matched by growth in consumption in developed countries, though nowhere has this growth be as pronounced as in the United States, where a high rate of population growth was compounded by doubling of per capita consumption
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