A wide range of youth subcultures have appeared in Japan since World War II, many of them shocking polite sensibilities and subverting mainstream society with behaviors considered self-centered, hedonistic and deviant.
Among the subcultures that attract the most attention, both among the public and in academic circles is the otaku, the notoriously obsessive fans of anime, manga, video games and other forms of Japanese popular culture.
Since their emergence in the 1970's and 1980's, otaku have become a major social phenomenon, engendering widespread fascination as well as fear, disapproval and misunderstanding.
Otaku: Definition Of The Japanese Borrowed Slang Term
The rise of an otaku identity in Japan has inspired films, books, and art movements, that both demonize and celebrate fervent fan subculture.
Generally styled as geeks or nerds', otaku are pictured in Japan's collective imagination as socially maladjusted young men dressed un-stylishly (often sporting backpacks and anoraks), physically unattractive (usually overweight and gawky), and unnaturally fixated on some narrow corner of mass culture.
Otaku is a vernacular term used by amateur manga and anime fans and artists to refer to themselves. Otaku is a polite, almost stiffly formal way of saying you in Japanese.
What Makes An Anime Otaku?
Combining the honorific prefix o- with taku, meaning house, it literally translates as your house and carries connotations of detachment and impersonality.
How this word, generally associated in postwar Japan with the kind of scrupulously polite language housewives would use with neighbors and acquaintances, came to describe obsessive, introverted young fans of popular culture is uncertain and continues to be the subject of much speculation and debate.
The first publication of the term otaku outside of the fan culture is generally credited to Akio Nakamori, who, in 1983, adopted the term to describe the social phenomenon of hardcore fandom in Japan during this time.
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Nakamori chose the term otaku to describe what he identified as the particularly driven characteristics of fandom, in preference over the more conventional term, nekura ( maniac or enthusiastic fan).
The widely publicized arrest of 27-year-old Miyazaki Tsutomu in 1989 was a key marker for the negative perception of otaku in public discourses.
Miyazaki was arrested for the abduction, murder and mutilation of young girls. Searching his home, police found evidence that he had murdered four young girls. They also found a collection of 5, 763 videotapes and pornographic and pedophilic anime filled from floor to ceiling.
Otaku Meaning: Where Did The Word Otaku Come From?
Japanese media persistently associated Miyazaki with otaku and dubbed him ''The Otaku Killer''; the image of his room-unoccupied and windowless with videotapes stacked to the ceiling around a small, rumpled bed - became the dominant impression of an entire otaku subculture.
The outcome of his trial hinged on the question of his sanity, with the court concluding he understood the consequence and severity of his crime and sentencing him to death. He was executed in 2008.
This subculture associated strongly with antisocial fantasies and habits both violent and sexually perverted became a lightning rod in intense and histrionic public debates over social decay and the deteriorating values of Japanese youth.
Definition Of An Otaku
In the early 1970s in parallel with the expansion of these culture industries, youth were considered to be self-consciously immature, regressive, and dysfunctional, because they emphasized individualism and a lack of affiliations with organizations.
In the mid 1980's, a new term emerged to differentiate a new generation of affluent, consumer oriented youth - shinjinrui (new human race).
Otaku culture emerged within these contexts, and came to embody in the public imagination a particular section of youth who were considered the embodiment of fragmentation, individualism, and infantilism.
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The interpretation of fans as symbolizing the decline of community, with audiences being passive consumers of mass media, resulting in pathological fans who are unable to differentiate between fiction and reality, is also considered to be an unacknowledged critique of postmodernity.
From the start, what seemed to characterized otaku, beyond their apparent social ineptitude and isolation, was the compulsion to amass huge amounts of trivial information on obscure, narrow and often juvenile subjects from animated television series to pop music idols to tropical fish.
What set otaku apart from previous generations of devoted fans, was the power and connectivity afforded by the Internet. It provided new means for collecting information and sharing it with like-minded enthusiasts.
Otaku Subculture History
What was also striking about this new social formation of highly wired and technologically adept fans, was its sheer size: from the 1980's on, Japan was said to have a population of at least 100, 000 (and perhaps as many as one million) hard-core otaku.
Some scholars describe a long-running power politics surrounding the subculture. The 'bad' otaku shuts off from society, in a room with the objects of consumption, not participating in 'normal' forms of social formations.
In addition, we think of otaku as a male, but before 1989, they were often describes as both women and men behaved in ways the older fans or outsiders found unacceptable.
Being A Otaku
The term came out of the subculture as a negative self-description, but only after Miyazaki did it take on the stronger implication of social pathology.
Many social critics and psychologists have argued that the roots of otaku behavior lay within Japan's highly structured, even oppressive, educational, and social systems.
They have suggested that the information fetishism of otaku stems from the rigid routines of Japanese schooling, which emphasize rote learning and the memorization of vast quantities of fragmented facts.
Why Do Anime Fans Call Themselves Otakus And Not Know What It Means?
The social awkwardness and reclusive tendencies of otaku, meanwhile, were widely understood to be reaction against the pressure for conformity, emphasis on the group, and elaborate standards of decorum that characterize Japan society.
Japan has always been known to be a strict culture, with high suicide rates compared to other countries, especially in modern times.
Japan's otaku subculture has evolved in a variety of new directions. While many early otaku were fixated on science fiction, the imaginative and visually rich realms of manga and anime soon became the most widespread obsession.
The Greatest Japanese Otaku Exports That Helped Shape Childhoods
By the start of the new millennium, otaku interest became overtly sexualized. There was a proliferation of gyaru-ge ('girl games', dating simulation software) and female fantasy characters introduced in manga, anime or as collectible plastic models.
Otaku adopted the almost indefinable term moe (derived from two homophonic verbs meaning 'to burn' and 'to bud') to describe a kind of profound infatuation for these fictional female creation - perhaps platonic, or rooted in frustrated sexual desire.
The discourses around otaku culture shifted as intellectuals such as Otsuka Eiji and Okada Toshio began to emphasize otaku culture as a symbol of Japan's information society.
Manga Anime| Otaku Definition
This shift also contributed to and was influenced by a transformation in defining manga, and the promotion of certain forms of manga artistic lineage, as part of national culture within and outside of Japan.
The long-term transition in otaku tastes, from science-fiction and animation to pursuits viewed by the larger society as perverted, pornographic, and pedophilic, was driven by the mainstreaming of anime and manga in the 1900's.
As the Japanese public came to accept forms like anime, otaku felt compelled to move on to more outrageous and offensive obsessions in order to maintain their distance from polite society and their resistance to its niceties.
The Truth Behind What
The Akihabara district of Tokyo, known as 'electric town' for its high concentration of stores selling household appliances, has become a well-known otaku destination since the late 1990s.
Akihabara now has hundreds of businesses, including 'maid cafés', where young female waitresses costumed as servants or anime characters wait on costumers, which cater to fan obsessions.
Increased public recognition has helped broaden culture; no longer confined to the image of a person-less room overstuffed with pop-culture cargo, otaku can take on more positive meanings.
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Despite the positive image of otaku that is emerging, particularly in relation to the export of manga and anime, attention needs to be given to the persistently negative images of otaku and its continued marginalization within Japanese society.
Otaku are also often linked in the public imagination with hikikomori (reclusive shut-ins), chronically unemployed NEETs ('not in employment, education or training') and freeters ( youth floating between dead-end, part-time jobs).
Whether it is conceived positively or negatively the continual emphasis is still identifying otaku as different to other consumers of media forms.
Otaku Definition Weiß
An otaku is a person who has an extreme or obsessive interest in a certain topic, usually anime or manga. Otaku are typically associated with being socially awkward and geeky, as well as having a tendency to collect various items related to their obsession. In Japan, otaku culture is highly regarded by some people within the anime and manga community, but it is generally looked down upon by mainstream society. As such, many Japanese companies have made efforts to cater to the tastes of otaku fans via things like special merchandise, marketing campaigns, and even entire television networks devoted exclusively to anime and manga programming. Additionally, the fashion world has been influenced by otaku culture through things like cosplay outfits and other pop culture references appearing in high fashion runway shows.The Start of the Otaku Culture
The otaku culture began in the 1980s, when a group of anime and manga fans started to self-identify as otaku. This was largely due to the influence of the groundbreaking anime series, Akira, which depicted a future where society was divided into two classes: the normal people and
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