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(縦書き) and is notably used in manga. When writing vertically, columns of text are read top-to-bottom, right-to-left, which is why manga panels are also read this way. Horizontal writing is called
(右横書き), which is read horizontally but right-to-left; this is only used in a couple of series for stylistic reasons. The orientation of the characters in all of these styles of writing is the same.
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Both styles can be found in . I think it is probably true that horizontal writing is more common than vertical writing, but it depends on the format of the writing. In general, horizontal writing is the more modern style, which was adopted during the Meiji era to conform to western styles of writing. Traditionally Japanese is written vertically (this tradition originates in China as do most Japanese linguistic traditions). The Meiji era is also when the Japanese language was really standardized (before that it was basically a collection of regional dialects), so naturally this was a time when a lot of changes were made to the language and partial adoption of horizontal writing is just one of them.
In terms of usage, vertical writing is used in newspapers, novels, calligraphy, and manga, while horizontal writing is used for academic writing, computer text, and many other everyday tasks. The text you see in is usually fairly representative of what direction it would typically be written in Japan. Likewise, in manga, text other than dialogue (e.g. on signs) often appears both horizontally and vertically. For , when there is flashing text on the screen not part of any signs (e.g. in Bakemonogatari), these are more frequently horizontal, probably because television screens are oriented horizontally (landscape), but there are examples of vertical writing in such cases as well.
Here's an example from Monogatari Series Second Season (episode 7) with both tategaki and migi yokogaki writing. The sign on the left is written vertically, while the ones on the right is horizontal but right-to-left.
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Yokogaki (horizontal) titles are more common in , most likely due to the fact that TV screens are horizontal. For the case of
, the title on the light novel cover was tategaki (because the book is in tategaki writing) but was changed to yokogaki in the while retaining the font.
Same thing with credits. Yokogaki is more common, but you can find tategaki credits from time to time. For example, ED of
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By clicking “Accept all cookies”, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy.means comics, as in drawings with speech balloons, it doesn't matter if the comics are Japanese, Korean, American, etc. In English, manga refers only to Japanese comics or artwork in the manga style. The word is also spelled
A Japanese manga is read from right to left, which is the opposite direction from how a western comic is read. It's basically read backwards, except that you still read the page from top to bottom.
Unlike comics in English, comics in Japanese have the text in the speech balloons written vertically, such that the first letter is at the top-right, and the line wraps at the bottom-right.
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One great difference between comics and manga is how sound effects work, because this is a difference that's very hard to translate.
In English, sound effects, or sfx, are always onomatopoeia, words that represent sounds. For example, if Batman punches a dude, *pow, * that's a sound effect for the strike.
In Japanese, also include other mimetic words. The phonomimes (onomatopoeia) represent sounds, the phonomimes represent physical states or motion, and the psychomimes represent emotions.
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But as a sound effect you may find their simplex forms, like just one kira, or just one waku written on the background. For example:
Some translations simply give up trying to translate these sound effects to English. Also, because there are more onomatopoeia in Japanese than in English, it isn't unusual for the meaning of the sound effect to be included as a note on the edge of the panel instead.
The greatest difference between comics and manga is the ruby text, also known as the furigana ふりがな. This is the one thing that it's impossible to translate because there's no such thing in English.
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Allow me to explain: in Japanese, words are written with characters that can be read in multiple ways depending on the word the character is part of. For example:
Comics targeted at children have reading aids that show how to read a word. This is the ruby text, a small text that's written on the right side of a word in vertical writing, or on top of it in horizontal writing.
Sometimes, an author uses this furigana space creatively, to write a something that's not really how you read the word, but a second word conveying an extra meaning for what the character is saying.
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A gikun allows the author to write two words at once. Languages without ruby text lack this capability, and even if you tried to write two words stacked one over the other, the audience wouldn't know what that's supposed to mean because they aren't used to ruby text.
Comics have their own culture, including a language of symbols conveying meaning such as the emotion of a character that only people that read comics can understand.
For example, the plewd is a comic symbol in the form of a sweat drop emanating from a character. It means a character is tired, sweating, or that they're nervous, also sweating.
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This symbol exists in Japanese comics, although it's typically drawn open, like an U, and used even at the slightest anxiety, making it look like the character is spitting sometimes.
Japanese comics and western comics have cultural differences, such that symbols are only understood by people who read one sort of comic and not the other.
Other expression don't translate, like growing mushrooms on one's head because a word for gloomy, jimejime ジメジメ, is the same word for humid, and mushrooms grow on humid places.
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Some symbols are well-known enough to have their own emoji, like 💢, based on a bulging vein, used when a character is angry or exerts strength.
It varies, but the paper size of western comics tends to be in the ISO A4 format (210×297mm), while Japanese comics use the JIS B5 format (182×257mm), which means Japanese manga tends to be smaller than western comics.
Normally, when someone says A4 or B5 they refer to the ISO size. The ISO B5 is 176×250mm, so it's not exactly the same size as the JIS B5, although it's only a few millimeters of difference.
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These terms don't really have much to do with the content of the manga, they have more to do with how the manga is published. If it's published in a shounen magazine like Shounen Jump, then it's a shounen manga, regardless of its contents.
A yonkoma manga よんコマ漫画 is a four panel comic, a sort of manga that has a punchline every four panels, following a pattern called:
They can be a bit confusing because some 4 koma series use a two-column layout placing two strips side by side, and you're to read the right one vertically first, then the left, but because the panels are all the same size, one can be misled to think they're supposed to be read like a normal manga.
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A doujinshi 同人誌 is a term for an indie manga. If a manga is published by a publisher on a magazine, that's not a doujinshi, but if it's an artist printing the manga themselves to sell it personally, then that's a doujinshi.
A doujinshi circle, saakuru サークル, is the name of the group that authored the doujinshi. If multiple artists collaborate to create a doujinshi, they publish under a group name, their circle name, however, it's also possible for a circle to have only one artist, so it's a group of a single person.
, read entirely, is a manga that isn't serialized, but published as a whole at once. An one-shot could be just one chapter long, for example, and that's the whole story, so after you read it, you have read [it] entirely, yomi-kitta 読み切った.
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in English, is a book that compiles multiple chapters of the manga into one volume, or multiple works of one author into one volume, e.g. multiple one-shot works, or multiple doujinshi into one book.
A monthly magazine publishes a new issue of itself every month. Each issue contains multiple series, all by different authors, but only one chapter, that month's chapter, of each series.
This means to read 10 chapters of a manga, you have to buy 10 magazines and skip all the other manga published in that same magazine. Kind of a waste, isn't it?
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A tankoubon is a book that solves this problem by containing only chapters of one series. It's typical for the tankoubon to also have something extra, a bonus, that wasn't published in the magazine.
If a series has 42 chapters, for example, there may
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